![]() ![]() In short, a paradigm is a comprehensive model of understanding that provides a field's members with viewpoints and rules on how to look at the field's problems and how to solve them. How the results of scientific investigations should be interpreted. How these questions are to be structured. The kind of questions that are supposed to be asked and probed for answers in relation to this subject. Thomas Kuhn defined paradigms as "universally recognized scientific achievements that, for a time, provide model problems and solutions for a community of researchers," (page X of the 1996 edition). In this view, evolution is seen as generally smooth and continuous. Punctuated equilibrium is commonly contrasted against the theory of phyletic gradualism, which states that evolution generally occurs uniformly and by the steady and gradual transformation of whole lineages (called anagenesis). When significant evolutionary change occurs, the theory proposes that it is generally restricted to rare and geologically rapid events of branching speciation. is a theory in evolutionary biology which proposes that most species will exhibit little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history, remaining in an extended state called stasis. Kuhn's hypothesis that big progress comes from revolutionary breakthroughs has an equivalent in the life sciences, as we can see in this extract from Wikipedia: The Model Drift step was added to clarify the cycle and allow reuse of the Model Drift concept in the System Improvement Process. After that the cycle consists of the five steps as shown. The Kuhn Cycle is preceded by the Pre-science step. From Kuhn's work came the popular use of terms like "paradigm," "paradigm shift," and "paradigm change." Science advanced the most by occasional revolutionary explosions of new knowledge, each revolution triggered by introduction of new ways of thought so large they must be called new paradigms. In a brilliant series of reviews of past major scientific advances, Kuhn showed this viewpoint was wrong. ![]() In Structure Kuhn challenged the world's current conception of science, which was that it was a steady progression of the accumulation of new ideas. This review thus attempts to expand our understanding of the phenotypic and etiological variability in CM and invites the development of more comprehensive guidelines.The Kuhn Cycle is a simple cycle of progress described by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. We also highlight the role of genetic modifiers and de novo variants in the multi-organ phenotype of CM and emphasize their consideration in molecular characterization. We argue that brain-specific splicing events and organ-restricted protein expression may contribute in part to disparate clinical manifestations. It also presents possible arguments on long-standing questions of the brain-specific nature of CM caused by a dysfunction of the ubiquitously expressed proteins. This review article highlights the critical factors considered while defining CM subtypes. Moreover, the mechanism of the paradigm shift from a brain-restricted to a multi-organ phenotype is only vaguely understood. However, the recent bloom of disease–gene discoveries has revealed more overlaps than differences in the underlying genetic architecture for these clinical sub-categories, complicating the differential diagnosis. Congenital microcephaly (CM) exhibits broad clinical and genetic heterogeneity and is thus categorized into several subtypes. ![]()
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